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TITLE: EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY
AUTHOR: HUTTON WEBSTER
EBOOK: E05650 (O'Briens Book Cellar)
LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY

BY

HUTTON WEBSTER, PH.D.

"There is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates to
the progress of the human mind, the gradual improvement of reason, the
successive advances of science, the vicissitudes of learning and
ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings, the
extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the
intellectual world."
  --SAMUEL JOHNSON, _Rasselas_.

PREFACE

This book aims to furnish a concise and connected account of human
progress during ancient, medieval, and early modern times. It should meet
the requirements of those high schools and preparatory schools where
ancient history, as a separate discipline, is being supplanted by a more
extended course introductory to the study of recent times and contemporary
problems. Such a course was first outlined by the Regents of the
University of the State of New York in their _Syllabus for Secondary
Schools_, issued in 1910.

Since the appearance of the Regents' _Syllabus_ the Committee of Five of
the American Historical Association has made its _Report_ (1911),
suggesting a rearrangement of the curriculum which would permit a year's
work in English and Continental history. Still more recently the Committee
on Social Studies of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary
Education, in its _Report_ (1916) to the National Education Association
has definitely recommended the division of European history into two
parts, of which the first should include ancient and Oriental
civilization, English and Continental history to approximately the end of
the seventeenth century, and the period of American exploration.

The first twelve chapters of the present work are based upon the author's
_Ancient History_, published four years ago. In spite of many omissions,
it has been possible to follow without essential modification the plan of
the earlier volume. A number of new maps and illustrations have been added
to these chapters.

The selection of collateral reading, always a difficult problem in the
secondary school, is doubly difficult when so much ground must be covered
in a single course. The author ventures, therefore, to call attention to
his _Readings in Ancient History_. Its purpose, in the words of the
preface, is "to provide immature pupils with a variety of extended,
unified, and interesting extracts on matters which a textbook treats with
necessary, though none the less deplorable, condensation." A companion
volume, entitled _Readings in Medieval and Modern History_, will be
published shortly. References to both books are inserted in footnotes.

At the end of what has been a long and engrossing task, it becomes a
pleasant duty to acknowledge the help which has been received from
teachers in school and college. Various chapters, either in manuscript or
in the proofs, have been read by Professor James M. Leake of Bryn Mawr
College; Professor J. C. Hildt of Smith College; Very Rev. Patrick J.
Healy, Professor of Church History in the Catholic University of America;
Professor E. F. Humphrey of Trinity College; Dr. James Sullivan, Director
of the Division of Archives and History, State Dept. of Education of New
York; Constantine E. McGuire, Assistant Secretary General, International
High Commission, Washington; Miss Margaret E. McGill, of the Newton
(Mass.) High School; and Miss Mabel Chesley, of the Erasmus Hall High
School, Brooklyn. The author would also express appreciation of the labors
of the cartographers, artists, and printers, to whose accuracy and skill
every page of the book bears witness.

HUTTON WEBSTER

LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, February, 1917

[Illustration: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL GEMS.
   1   Steatite from Crete, two lions with forefeet on a pedestal, above
       a sun
   2   Sardonyx from Elis, a goddess holding up a goat by the horns
   3   Rock crystal a bearded Triton
   4   Carnelian, a youth playing a trigonon
   5   Chalcedony from Athens, a Bacchante
   6   Sard, a woman reading a manuscript roll, before her a lyre
   7   Carnelian, Theseus
   8   Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age
   9   Aquamarine, portrait of Julia daughter of the emperor Titus
  10   Chalcedony, portrait head, Hellenistic Age
  11   Carnelian, bust portrait of the Roman emperor Decius
  12   Beryl, portrait of Julia Domna wife of the emperor Septimius
       Severus
  13   Sapphire, head of the Madonna
  14   Carnelian, the judgment of Paris, Renaissance work
  15   Rock crystal, Madonna with Jesus and St. Joseph, probably Norman
       Sicilian work]

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF MAPS

LIST OF PLATES

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

CHAPTER

I. THE AGES BEFORE HISTORY.

    1. The Study of History
    2. Prehistoric Peoples
    3. Domestication of Animals and Plants
    4. Writing and the Alphabet
    5. Primitive Science and Art
    6. Historic Peoples

II. THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE EAST TO ABOUT 500 B.C.

    7. Physical Asia
    8. Babylonia and Egypt
    9. The Babylonians and the Egyptians
   10. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews
   11. The Assyrians
   12. The World Empire of Persia

III. ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION.

   13. Social Classes
   14. Economic Conditions
   15. Commerce and Trade Routes
   16. Law and Morality
   17. Religion
   18. Literature and Art
   19. Science and Education

IV. THE LANDS OF THE WEST AND THE RISE OF GREECE TO ABOUT 500 B.C.

   20. Physical Europe
   21. Greece and the Aegean
   22. The Aegean Age (to about 1100 B.C.)
   23. The Homeric Age (about 1100-750 B.C.)
   24. Early Greek Religion
   25. Religious Institutions--Oracles and Games
   26. The Greek City-State
   27. The Growth of Sparta (to 500 B.C.)
   28. The Growth of Athens (to 500 B.C.)
   29. Colonial Expansion of Greece (about 750-500 B.C.)
   30. Bonds of Union among the Greeks

V. THE GREAT AGE OF THE GREEK REPUBLICS TO 362 B.C.

   31. The Perils of Hellas
   32. Expeditions of Darius against Greece
   33. Xerxes and the Great Persian War
   34. Athens under Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon
   35. Athens under Pericles
   36. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
   37. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 404-362 B.C.
   38. Decline of the City-State

VI. MINGLING OF EAST AND WEST AFTER 359 B.C.

   39. Philip and the Rise of Macedonia
   40. Demosthenes and the End of Greek Freedom
   41. Alexander the Great
   42. Conquest of Persia and the Far East, 334-323 B.C.
   43. The Work of Alexander
   44. Hellenistic Kingdoms and Cities
   45. The Hellenistic Age
   46. The Graeco-Oriental World

VII. THE RISE OF ROME TO 264 B.C.

   47. Italy and Sicily
   48. The Peoples of Italy
   49. The Romans
   50. Early Roman Society
   51. Roman Religion
   52. The Roman City State
   53. Expansion of Rome over Italy, 509 (?)-264 B.C.
   54. Italy under Roman Rule
   55. The Roman Army

VIII. THE GREAT AGE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, 264-31 B.C.

   56. The Rivals Rome and Carthage, 264-218 B.C.
   57. Hannibal and the Great Punic War, 218-201 B.C.
   58. Roman Supremacy in the West and in the East, 201-133 B.C.
   59. The Mediterranean World under Roman Rule
   60. The Gracchi
   61. Marius and Sulla
   62. Pompey and Caesar
   63. The Work of Caesar
   64. Antony and Octavian
   65. The End of an Epoch

IX. THE EARLY EMPIRE: THE WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE, 31 B.C.-l80 A.D.

   66. Augustus, 31 B.C.-l4 A.D.
   67. The Successors of Augustus, 14-96 A.D.

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