>>> YOU ARE VIEWING A 200 LINE SAMPLE OF EBOOK# E00347 <<< TITLE: SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, NO. 358, NOVEMBER 11, 1882 AUTHOR: VARIOUS EBOOK: E00347 (O'Briens Book Cellar) Charles Franks and the Online DP Team [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 358 NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 11, 1882 Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XIV, No. 358. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--Hydraulic Filtering Press for Treating Oleaginous Seeds.--Details of construction and manipulation.--15 figures Laurent & Collot's Automatic Injection Pump.--6 figures. Improved Dredger.--1 figure.--One ton bucket dredge. History of the Fire Extinguisher. How to Tow a Boat.--1 figure. Railways of Europe and America. Locomotive Painting. By JOHN S. ATWATER. Crackle Glass.--New Process. How Marbles are Made. II. TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY.--Drawing Room Photography. A New Method of Preparing Photographic Gelatine Emulsion by Precipitation of the Bromide of Silver. By FRANZ STOLZE. Taylor's Freezing Microtome.--1 figure. Vincent's Chloride of Methyl Ice Machine. 10 figures.-- Longitudinal and transverse sections of freezer.--Half plan of freezer.--Longitudinal and vertical sections and plan of pump.-- Details.--Vertical section of the liquefier. Carbonic Acid in the Air. By M. DUMAS. Influence of Aqueous Vapor on the Explosion of Carbonic Oxide and Oxygen. By HAROLD B. DIXON. Composition of Beers Made Partly from New Grain. III. BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, ETC.--Double Buttercups.--1 figure. Ligustrum Quihoui.--1 figure. Raphiolepis Japonica.--1 figure. Rivina Laevis. Apples in Store. IV. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT. ETC.--Before it happened.-- How the telegraph gets ahead of time. The Ader Relay.--By R.G. BROWN. The Platinum Water Pyrometer.--By J.C. HOADLEY. 2 figures. --Description of apparatus.--Heat carriers.--Manipulating. V. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE. ETC.--The British Sanitary Congress. --Address of President Galton.--The causes of disease. Researches of Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Klebs, etc--Germ theory of malaria.--Cholera.--The water question.--Effects of sewering.-- Influence of smoke and fogs.--Importance of a circulation of air. --Health conditions of different classes.--Economic advantages of sanitary measures. Psychological Development in Children.--By G.J. ROMANES. The Racial Characteristics of Man. Eccentricity and Idiosyncrasy.--By DR. WM. A. HAMMOND. Pyorrhea Alveolaris--By DR. J.M. RIGGS.--A curious disease of the teeth and its treatment. Sulphur as a Preservative against Marsh Fever. VI. ARCHITECTURE, ART, ETC.--The New Parliament Building, Berlin. 4 figures.--Thiersch's design.--Portrait, Prof. Thiersch. --Wallot's design.--Portrait of M.P. Wallot. VII. ASTRONOMY, ETC--On Determining the Sun's Distance by a New Method.--By T.S.H. EYTINGE. Professor Haeckel on Darwin. * * * * * THE NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDING, BERLIN. In the accompanying engravings are represented the two prize designs for the new Capitol or Parliament Building at Berlin, of which one is by Prof. Friedrich Thiersch, of Munich, and the other by Mr. Paul Wallot, of Frankfurt a. M., the portraits of which gentlemen are also shown. The jury has decided that Mr. Wallot's design shall be executed. The building is to be erected on the Pariser Platz, near the Brandenburger Thor, in Berlin. Mr. Wallot's design will have to be somewhat changed before it can be carried out, for he has arranged the main entrance in the side of the building, and that has not satisfied the jury, as they wish to have the entrance of the Capitol more imposing. The building is provided with four corner pavilions and with a large, highly ornamented, square dome, below which the Reichsrath Chamber, or Hall of Representatives, is located. However, the most important feature of the entire design is the ground plan, which is superior to all others entered for competition. Prof Thiersch's design also has four corner pavilions, with a large circular central dome and four smaller cupolas surrounding it. The front of the building is very imposing, and is highly ornamented with statuary. An emperor's crown surmounts the central dome. [Illustration: THIERSCH'S DESIGN FOR THE NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDING. BERLIN] [Illustration: PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH THIERSCH.] [Illustration: MR. P. WALLOT'S DESIGN FOR THE NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDING, BERLIN] [Illustration: PAUL WALLOT.] * * * * * THE BRITISH SANITARY CONGRESS. ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT GALTON. The Congress of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain was opened in Newcastle on September 26. The inaugural public meeting was held in the Town Hall. Prof. De Chaumont presided, in the place of the ex-President, Lord Fortescue, and introduced Captain Galton, the new President. The President commenced his inaugural address by thanking, in the name of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, the Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle for the invitation to visit this important industrial metropolis of Northern England. The invitation, he said, was the more satisfactory because Newcastle was advancing in the van of sanitary improvement, and was thus proving the interest of this great city in a subject which was contributing largely to the moral and material progress of the nation. Of all the definite questions which were made the subject of the instruction by congresses at the present time, there was scarcely one which deserved a greater share of attention than that which called that congress together--namely, the subject of the public health. Within the last half century the whole community had been gradually awakening to the importance of a knowledge of the laws of health, and the energies of some of the ablest intellects in the world had been employed in investigating the causes of disease, and in endeavoring to solve the problem of the prevention of disease. There was much that was still obscure in this very intricate problem, but the new light which was daily being thrown upon the causes of disease by the careful and exact researches of the chemist and physiologist was gradually tending to explain those causes and to raise the science of hygiene, or science of prevention of disease, out of the region of speculation, and enable it to take rank as one of the exact sciences. Long ago the careful observation of facts had shown that the preservation of health required certain conditions to be observed in and around dwellings, conditions which, when neglected, had led to the outbreaks of epidemic disease from the days of Moses to the present time. But while the results had been patent, it was only in recent years that a clew had been obtained to the occult conditions in air and water to enable their comparative healthful purity to be distinguished. The researches of Pasteur in respect to the forms of disease in French vineyards opened a fruitful field of inquiry, and the theories of Dr. Bastian on spontaneous generation gave rise to the beautiful series of experiments by Tyndall on bacterian life. A large band of leading scientific men, both in this country and over the whole world, were devoting their energies to a knowledge of the recent theories on the propagation of disease by germs. In a lecture on fermentation, Tyndall remarked that the researches, by means of which science has recently elucidated the causes of fermentation, have raised the art of brewing from being an art founded on empirical observation--that is to say, on the observation of facts apart from the principles which explain them--into what may be termed an exact science. In like manner, if recent theories on the propagation of disease by germs were proved to be correct, and if the laws which govern the <<< END OF SAMPLE... (THE FULL EBOOK HAS 235047 TOTAL CHARACTERS) >>>